How Mass and Radiation Pressure Arise from Unified Force Theory
Sven Gelbhaar
30.04-2019 – 01.05.2019
Here in the /Occam’s Razor/ series we strive to explain the world with as few
assumptions as possible. We have covered how Magnetism, Gravity, Weak, and
Strong (Nuclear) Force can and do come about as a result of the Electric Force:
Like charges repel, and unlike charges attract. In our paper /Unified Force
Theory/ (Sven Gelbhaar, written 22.02.2009) — which goes into detail on how all
that works — we have yet to touch upon how Radiation Pressure is mediated, nor
the crucial concept of Mass.
Why must we bother with Mass? Couldn’t it be a simple case of “As above, so
below?” Again, we stress that the theory which makes the least assumptions is
more likely to be true compared to those that rely on more (assumptions).
Assuming that Mass is an intrinsic property of sub-atomic particles is an
assumption that we don’t necessarily have to entertain, as this paper will
explain.
- Newton: Force = Mass * Acceleration (for everything)
Let us take the hypothetical situation wherein a single proton (p) is next to a
single electron (e) in close spatial proximity. We all know that the two will
attract and close in on each other. Newton posits that Mass plays a role in the
resultant force, viz Force = Mass * Acceleration, but to assume that tiny
sub-atomic particles have mass is one more assumption than is required to
explain resistance to change (of velocity) by simply replacing Mass and
Acceleration with: Force = Constant / (Distance * Distance), expressed more
succinctly as:
- Gelbhaar: Force = Constant / Distance^2 (for subatomic particles)
However this, as we can tell from every-day mundane reality, is not the case for
objects on our scale of observation; that is, objects and their interaction that
we can observe without microscopes. Where does this mysterious resistance to
acceleration stem from? Let us explore two different situations and see where
the difference lies between simple and complex sub-atomic systems (electron +
proton vs neutron + electron/proton).
Before we dive in, I’d like to clarify a quick shorthand notation. e =
electron, p = proton, e/p = either electron or proton (or rather a proton that
hasn’t been completely covered in e’s), and e+p/(complex-)system = a proton that
has been completely covered in electrons (viz a neutron). By completely covered
(in electrons), I mean that electrons are arranged on the outside of the proton
in such a fashion that no other electrons can take up residence attached to the
proton due to electric-repulsion between the electrons already there and any
ambient/incoming electrons. Electrons can/do move between neighboring complex
systems (net positive system, or net neutral), so this is just an approximation
to convey the concepts that will be covered in this paper.
On to our hypothetical situations:
Let us take the example of two oppositely charged e/p’s, without the distraction
of (significant) interaction with surrounding particles. The two, according to
electric theory, will accelerate toward each other, faster and faster as the
distance between the two shrinks. This is fairly straight-forward. But what
happens in a more complex system: a neutron with/and a close-by e/p?
Let us imagine a neutron centered in our minds-eye/inertial-frame. Now let’s
postulate that non-moving e/p comes into existence ex nihilo (out of
nothingness). What would happen? At first it would either be attracted or
repulsed, depending on which constituent particle of the neutron/system is
closest: an e or p. Even if this lone e/p is repulsed at first, the system soon
adjusts itself by shifting the offending repulsive particle of the
neutron/system away from the lone e/p, while moving the attractant constituent
particle closer to the lone e/p. This configuration itself might be undone
temporarily as constituent particles continue to drift with inertia, but an
over-all/net attraction does end up taking place. This is not guaranteed,
however, as more and more electrons attach themselves to the proton and
equally-distant from one another on the surface of the proton, to the point
where no more electrons can be added to the system. As was discussed in the
original /Unified Force Theory/, the inclusion of more protons will act as glue
for electrons, permitting more electrons to be added to the system (atom) at
large.
The above was the hardest concept to grasp in this paper. If you understood it
without physical visual aids you’re in good shape.
Finally, let us explore how this phenomenon can account for Radiation Pressure.
If you have one incoming electron, for instance, then as it approaches the
neutron the extant electrons on the surface of the core proton would move away
from the core in the direction opposite the incoming electron. They wouldn’t
move away equally with the approaching electron though, because they are closer
to the core proton and the inverse square rule applies. As they are closer to
the proton for the majority of the event, they exert more force (or “pressure”)
on the core of the system/neutron. As such, the system as a whole is moved
slightly in the opposite direction from that which the incoming electron is
approaching from. All things even out — as in an electron is integrated into
the neutron/system or a 1-for-1 exchange takes place — and equilibrium is
reached with merely a minor change in velocity of the system.
In closing, we have seen how Mass (the resistance to acceleration) applies and
is effected on the complex and macro- scale. We see that Mass does not need to
apply to sub-atomic particles in and of themselves (outside of a neutron or any
configuration of p+e(‘s)). We can also now envision how Radiation Pressure
works. Neutron-on-Neutron interactions are easy to deduce from this as well,
but that is in the field of Chemistry. With these explanation, all macro- and
micro-scopic events that we observe are covered, while making the least amount
of assumptions.